Joshua Oppenheimer’s 2012 documentary “The Act of Killing”
spoke to some of the torturers and executioners from the Indonesian genocide
fifty years ago—a political purge by right-wing military elements that claimed
the lives of over a million people accused of being communists. The main
character was Anwar Congo, who spoke of how he would strangle and cut the
throats of enemies; other characters included murderers and rapists. The
filmmaker gave them small budgets to make films retelling their stories (in
their minds, they were exploits), and the result was a series of bizarre
fantasies strongly informed by Hollywood movies.
Oppenheimer’s second film on the subject, “The Look of
Silence,” looks at the effect of the violence on a single family, and takes a
much more sober and spare approach. The main character is an optician named Adi
Rukun, who helped Oppenheimer on the first film. Adi’s older brother Ramli was
murdered by members of Indonesia’s paramilitary death squads two years before
Ramli was born. RogerEbert.com spoke to Oppenheimer last week about the relationship
between the two movies and the difficulties of portraying violence with such
deep roots in a culture.
Is it fair to
characterize “The Look of Silence” as a sequel, or would you call it a
companion piece, or what?
I’d call it a companion piece. I’d say that taken together
with the uncut version of “The Act of Killing” that’s been released in the US
on Netflix—as the director’s cut was really the unabridged film released
everywhere else in the world outside the US, 40 minutes longer than the US theatrical
version of “Killing”— I see the two films as completing one another and forming
a single work whose whole I hope is greater than the sum of its parts.
“The Act of Killing”
concentrates on some of the killers and torturers from the genocide in Indonesia,
and this one concentrates on the victims, specifically from one family and
community. I’m wondering about the timeline of this second film. Can you walk
us through that? Was “The Look of Silence” in production at the same time, or
did you come back much later?
The footage that Adi is watching in the film is material I
shot from 2003 to 2005, before I met Anwar Congo, before I started making “Killing,”
when I’d begun working with Adi Rakun and his parents and survivors working
around them in early 2003. And after three weeks of Adi gathering survivors to
tell their stories, the army threatened all of them and told them not to
participate in the film.
Although I was afraid to film the perpetrators at first,
wondering how I would get them to ever open up about what they had done, I
found to my astonishment that they were immediately open. One didn’t have to
build trust to get them to talk about what they had done. I encountered this
remarkable…boasting. This way they would speak about what they had done. And I showed
that first material to Adi. He, of course, because he’d sent me to film it, he
wanted to see it, said right away, “You must continue to film the perpetrators,
you’re on to something so important because anyone who hears how they’re speaking
will be forced to acknowledge that something is terribly wrong today, that in a
terrible and important way, the genocide hasn’t ended because the perpetrators
are still in power and everyone’s lives are still being wrecked by fear and
unresolved traumas they can’t talk about or work through.”
So I spent two years, from that point, filming every
perpetrator I could find, feeling entrusted by Adi, and gradually the entire
human rights community who became involved with, or encouraged me to continue this
project. And that’s the material Adi’s watching, and those two years ended when
I met Anwar Congo, the 41st perpetrator I filmed, and I lingered on
him because I could see the boasting was actually a response to guilt.
There’s a line Adi
says in “The Look of Silence” when he’s looking at some of the very same
footage you describe. He says of a former government death squad member, “Maybe
he acts this way because he regrets what he did, because he regrets killing
people, because he feels guilty when he re-enacts the killings, he looks
completely numb.”
That’s right, and I think the first time Adi said that to
me, he said that line in response to watching the footage again in 2012 when we
shot “Silence”—and I’ll come to that in a moment, it’s the last part of the
timeline question. But when he first said such things to me, I felt a kind of
disbelief. I thought, “How could you see a man speaking about something so
monstrous in such a monstrous way and have enough empathy to try and understand
his fear, and not see him as a monster?”
I really realized this when I met Anwar; it was evident on
the first day I met Anwar in fact, the day he took me to the rooftop at the
beginning of “Killing” and started to dance after showing how he killed: I came
to realize that every perpetrator I was filming was living their life in a
manic flight from a kind of pall of guilt and shame that follows them
everywhere they go, that insinuates itself into their sleep and wakes them with
terrible nightmares.
And yet because they’ve never been removed from power, they
still have available to them a victors’ history that justifies what they’ve
done. So they do the human, the inevitable thing any human being will do if
they feel guilty…they try to justify it, and they try to take specifically
these rotten, bitter memories and sugarcoat them in the sweet language of the
victors’ history that would celebrate what they’ve done, so they can live with
themselves.
And that, of course, explains why they’re boasting about the
most unseemly details, because those are the most difficult memories, the most
bitter memories for them to swallow.
Anyways, I spent five years from 2005 to 2010 filming
w/Anwar and the men around him, and Adi would continue to watch everything I
had to show him. I went home in 2010 to edit “Killing” and returned after
editing the uncut version of the film, to shoot “Silence” knowing I would not
be able to return to Indonesia after Killing came out.
Adi was not a
presence in the first film.
No.
He is really the main
character of “Silence” though. How did that come about?
It was essentially his idea, but the way it happened was,
when I finished shooting “Killing,” I gave Adi a small camera to use as a kind
of notebook to look for images that might inspire the making of the second
film. When I returned a couple years later after editing “Killing,” to make “Silence,”
I did not yet know he’d be the main character, I just knew he’d be a main
collaborator.
We sat down and I asked him, “What do you think we should do
for the second film?” and he said, “I’ve spent seven years watching the footage
you shot with the perpetrators and it’s changed me. I need to…” and he said to
me, “I need to meet the men who killed my brother. I need to meet the
perpetrators.”
At which point I said reflexively, instantly, said,
“Absolutely not. It’s too dangerous. There has never been a non-fiction film
ever where survivors confront perpetrators who still hold a monopoly on power,
because it’s too dangerous. No, we cannot do it.”
That’s true. Even in
films like “Shoah” and “Hotel Terminus” that were made in the 1980s, there is a
cushion.
Yes, because the Nazis lost WWII! There’s a cushion that
comes from the fact that they no longer have the power to harm, or the power to
confront the victim or the survivor.
Here, I told Adi it’s impossible, and he said, “Let me
explain why it’s important to me,” and he went and got the camera I gave him at
the end of 2010 and came back with one tape. He said, “I’m sorry I never sent
you this tape, but it’s meaningful to me.” Trembling, he put the tape in the
camera, pressed play, and immediately started to cry as he showed me the one
scene in “Silence” that Adi had shot. It’s the scene that plays at the very end
of “Silence,” where his father is crawling through his house, thinking it’s a
stranger’s house, lost and calling for help, afraid he’s going to be beaten up.
And Adi explained to me, “this is the first day my father couldn’t remember me,
my siblings, my mother, yet he was lost and confused in this way all day.
Whenever we would try to help him he’d become more afraid because we were
strangers to him. It was unbearable,” Adi said, “sitting there, not knowing what
to do, unable to help him for hour after hour. And at some point, not being
able to bear it anymore, I picked up the camera and filmed, and the moment I
started filming I understood why I was drawn to film this: I wanted to record
this moment because this is the day that it becomes too late for my father to
heal” he said. “He’s forgotten the son whose murder destroyed his life, our
family’s life, but he hasn’t forgotten the fear, and now he’ll never be able to
work through that fear, to heal from it, because he can’t remember what
happened. He’s become like a man locked in a room,” Adi said, “Who can’t find
the door, let alone the key.”
And we watched this scene play out in silence and when it
was done he pressed stop and said, “You see, I don’t want my children to
inherit this same prison of fear from my father and mother and me, and I think
if I can go and visit the perpetrators, I’m not an angry man, I’m showing I’m
not there for revenge, they will welcome this as a kind of long, unconsciously
hoped-for opportunity to stop their manic boasting, to acknowledge what they’ve
done was wrong, to find some acceptance and find forgiveness from one of their
victims’ families.”
I was deeply moved and said, “Let me think about this.”
I went home and spoke to my crew, and they said, “You know
Joshua, the production of “Killing” is well-known across this region because
you were working with some of the most powerful men in the country to make the
film. And the film hasn’t been screened yet, so everyone thinks you’re still
close to those people. I think if you visit these men with Adi, they are
regionally powerful, but not nationally powerful, and provided you do it
quickly enough that there’s no time for word to spread, and we provide for his
family’s safety, and we’re willing to abort this process at any point if it
seem like things could go wrong, the men Adi wants to confront won’t dare even
detain you, let alone attack you, because they’ll be afraid of offending their
superiors.”
So I realized it might be possible to do this.
I then went and told Adi, “Look, we can maybe do this but I
don’t think we’ll get the apology you’re hoping for. I think the perpetrators
will panic when confronted by your willingness to forgive because they’ll see
in your humanity, the humanity of Ramli and their other victims and they’ll be
forced to recognize that what they’d done was wrong.” I had worked with Anwar
Congo for five years, and at the end of that process, when he is finally feeling
his guilt, it makes him retch. And even then, if you see the directors’ cut of “Killing,”
there’s a line there: While he’s retching, he’s still repeating, ‘My conscience
told me they had to be killed.’ He still doesn’t have the courage to fully
admit what he did was wrong and that he’s always known it.
There’s that scene in
“Silence” where one of the officials says something self-justifying like that.
He has one of the more gruesome details in the movie when he says, “If you cut
off a woman’s breast, it looks like a coconut milk filter,” and then a couple
minutes later, he follows it up by saying, “if they’re bad people, you can hack
them up.”
Yeah, he’s clinging to some justification of what he’s done,
of course, and that’s when he’s starting to sense where Adi’s questions are
leading him. But, at that point, he’s still having his eyes tested, and Adi is
still letting him talk, mainly.
And you know, when he started talking about those details….I’ve
never been able to repeat that detail you’ve just come to me with, Matt, on the
phone, or in an interview, because it’s so horrific.
But seeing Adi testing his eyes, trying to help him see, in
a film about a man who’s trying to help people see the moral meaning of what
they’ve done when they’re utterly blind to it, and we hear the way he’s telling
that story, so as to kind of impress and frighten, we understand that dangling
it out there, and following it up with a pregnant pause…when he’s trying to
gage the reaction, Adi, impervious to it, switching to a new lens—or almost
impervious, because you do see his disgust there—saying “Ok, now do you see
more clearly or less clearly?”
I wondered why that
was the image on the poster. And then once the scene came up and played out, I realized
why. My thought was, “Sometimes life hands you a metaphor.”
Yeah, it does! When I saw these scarlet test lenses, he’s
using storytelling as an instrument of fear.
Remember, he begins the scene by saying, “Everyone in the
village is afraid of me,” and then when he starts telling stories, you
understand why, not because of the horrific things he did, but because of the
way he talks about it today.
Seeing that with him framed by these ineffectual test
lenses, a man who’s totally, willfully blind, I had this feeling I was looking
at a detail from a Hieronymus Bosch painting. I had two cameras on the scene, which
I always do because I’m more interested in the reactions, the silences, the
shame that follows the words than I am in the words themselves, and I wanted to
make sure I could capture those reactions. I do that with two cameras and
complimentary angels, because this is film all about close-ups and faces. But when
I saw that, I swung one of the cameras off its, away from the complimentary
angle so it was absolutely frontal on Denong’s face, because I thought, here is
this tableaux, this landscape, this vision of hell, and it’s this total
metaphor for human blindness. This is the image that sort of unpacks what this
whole film is about.
It’s interesting also
that he stares and stares and stares into the camera and he doesn’t look away.
It’s like he expects, in the way that many powerful and dangerous men expect,
that other people are not allowed to look at you in that way, and it offends
him to realize that the camera is looking at him in that way, staring at him.
They can look at you
that way, but you can’t look at them that way.
That’s right. It’s meeting his gaze, and it’s a gaze that, I
mentioned earlier, he boasts about. He boasts about how everyone’s afraid of
him. It’s a gaze that limits his power in the fact that he’s eared.
Of course, the fact that Adi’s an optometrist was important,
but I think also in cinema you have to grow your metaphors, especially in
non-fiction. They’re there in the world, they’re all around us, and you have to
find them and tend them like a very delicate plant in a garden, like a
seedling. You have to give it fertile soil and water them and protect them from
too much sun, rain and the elements. You have to grow and nurture them, and
eventually they grow into something and surpass whatever meaning you give them
in words, and they become truly cinematic metaphors. They hold an enduring
mystery, become something beyond a symbol or something you can’t quite
articulate but which you understand is the key to unlocking the whole film’s
unconscious, delirious, universe.
Since you mentioned
gardens, I want to ask you about another scene, which is Adi’s mother chopping
peppers in a garden.
Tamarinds. They look like peppers.
Sorry! Tamarinds. A
voice, I guess Adi’s, says, “How do you feel being surrounded by your son’s
killers?” and she says, “In the afterlife, there are victims who will take
revenge.”
That made me think
about the mission statement of this film and the first film, as I’ve heard it
described, which is, “Understanding, which will hopefully pave the way to
reconciliation,” or something like that.
But I wonder, aren’t
there a good many people in Indonesia who don’t want reconciliation? Who want
revenge, punishment? They’re not ready to forgive, maybe they’re not able to
forgive.
And also, isn’t it
possible that the point-of-view of this movie is simply not one that resonates
with a lot of people who’ve been through that kind of violence? There are a lot
of people who would look at something like this and say, “Well yeah? F— those
people. They’re genocidal maniacs.”
Well, I think first of all, that it’s very different to
fantasize about revenge from a position of complete disempowerment than to
actually contemplate taking revenge when you’re empowered to do so. And Rohani,
Adi’s mother, is…the fact that all she can imagine is justice in the afterlife
is a symptom of her powerlessness in the present, in this life. At the same
time, the survivors live in fear, and certainly are not in a position to take
revenge.
Adi is holding out the possibility of forgiveness, but only
if the perpetrators can take responsibility for what they’ve done and
acknowledge without excuses that it was wrong. And none of them is able to do
so. What we are instead witnessing in these confrontations is the abyss of
shame and guilt and fear of their own guilt.
Denial?
Well, denial is then the response. Denial, panic, threats,
anger, those are very human responses to feeling guilt. I’m sure it’s one of
the most frustrating aspects of human experience for all of us, that when we
tell someone who’s hurt us that they’ve hurt us, they tend to react with anger
because they feel guilty, and we know we also get angry when we feel guilty.
It’s a form of denial.
You know, except for the one with the daughter, each of the
confrontations in this film ends in an absolute impasse that shows how torn the
social fabric in Indonesia is, and how urgently truth, reconciliation, and some
form of justice are needed, and how important it is for everybody, survivor’s
and perpetrator’s families, for there to be a national apology, some
acknowledgment that this was wrong, some form of truth and reconciliation and
ultimately, some form of justice too, so that the next sentence—the sentence
that would break the terrible silence of each impasse, because that’s what the
film is – the next sentence becomes possible.
You see, it’s tempting to say that these confrontations
break silence, but actually, what they really do, is they make visible the
ultimate silence, the inability to bridge that abyss, to get past that impasse,
and in terms of the resonance of the film in Indonesia, the impact there speaks
for itself.
The film, because of the space opened by Killing, has helped
catalyze a fundamental transformation in how the media and the public talk
about their past. The National Human Right’s Commission and the Jakarta Arts
Council, two government bodies, have taken on the film for distribution. They
advertise the first screening of the film in Jakarta with billboards, something
unimaginable with Killing. They put it on in Indonesia’s largest theatre, a
theatre for 1500 people – and 3000 people came! They had to put on a second
show so everyone could see the film. Adi came to both screenings, and received
15 minute standing ovations from the audience. It was National Heroes Day,
trending on Twitter, so it was young people saying this – because Indonesia’s
the world’s largest Twitter-using country! It has more tweeters than anywhere
else. It was trending on Twitter all around the world: “Today we have a new
national hero, and his name is Adi Rakun.”
And this is of course from the younger generation, people Adi’s
age, people the age of the daughters of the perpetrator, who see the film and
are forced to acknowledge the prison of fear in which they are expected to
raise their children, and saying, “We don’t want this.” You cannot have
democracy if you don’t have community, and you can’t have community when people
are afraid of one another. As Adi will say before anyone else, “I wouldn’t want
revenge. My whole intention is not to leave a future to my children where they
are not afraid of their neighbors, and if we take revenge, there will be a
cycle of fear and violence that will never end, and we’ll just leave our
children a legacy of fear.”
So I think the film has shown—has created a national
conversation in the media and the public demanding truth, reconciliation and
some form of justice, but it’s a conversation that is a demand of the younger
generation, of the people who were not perpetrators themselves, and who were
not traumatized by their experience of the genocide.
I wonder if we can
talk a little bit about stories and storytelling as it relates to what you just
mentioned. The younger generation is, of course, the hope for the future, but
in this very same film [Silence], you have a scene of indoctrination in the
classroom, and you have a lot of discussion of propaganda—of the idea that the
victors in this case, the perpetrators and their descendants of this genocide, are
determining how the story is told, what details are put in and left out.
I wonder if it’s
possible to really move forward as long as the narrative is controlled by these
people.
The narrative has to change. It’s a struggle.
At the moment, as a result of these two films, there’s a lot
of impetus for changing the narrative. The Indonesian Association of History
Teachers, which is the national body of history teachers, is, in response to
the film and in response to the government’s reluctance to change the narrative
thus far, introducing an altenrative history curriculum so teachers are able to
say, “this is what we’re supposed to teach you, and now here is the truth.”
That involves upper/secondary school students looking at the director’s cut of “The
Act of Killing” and “The Look of Silence” in class.
At the same time, the Oscar nomination for Killing prompted
the president’s office to acknowledge that what happened in 1965 was a crime
against humanity, and we need to have truth and reconciliation, but we don’t
need a film to force us to do this. So they tried to dismiss the film, yet it
was wonderful, because it was the first time the government ever acknowledged
it was wrong.
And now there are rumors of an official apology to the
victims in the next State of the Union address. I don’t know if that will
materialize. I believe the president has been accused of being a communist,
simply for contemplating such a thing by the shadow state of the military
intelligence services and paramilitary groups that the film exposes.
And you’re absolutely right that the narrative has to shift.
That’s the reason why there’s resistance—why, despite Killing prompting the
government to admit it was wrong, they continue to teach a story that glorifies
what happened, and blames the victims, essentially claiming they deserve what
happened to them.
The moment the state changes the official history, it
officially de-legitimizes the power and wealth of the oligarchs, the
perpetrators and protégées who run the country in many ways and are above the
law to this day. Changing the history will reveal the power and wealth of the perpetrators
and the oligarchs to be what it really is—illegitimate spoils of plunder and
atrocity. And there’s tremendous resistance from people with real power to that
de-legitimization of their position.